2020. 3. 18. 22:10ㆍ카테고리 없음
Marco Ventura. Douwe van Sinderen, in, 2015 Bifidobacterial EcologyBifidobacteria have been isolated from six different ecological niches, of which three are directly linked to the human and animal intestinal environment: e.g., the human gut, animal intestine (bovine, rabbit, murine, chicken and insect) and oral cavity, while others (sewage, blood and food) are probably the consequence of contamination from the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) 11 (see below). Bifidobacteria are widely distributed among living organisms that provide their offspring with parental care such as mammals, birds and social insects. No bifidobacteria have been isolated so far from other animals such as reptiles and fish. Therefore, an important reason of their ecological distribution may be due to direct transmission of bifidobacterial cells from parent/carer to offspring.Lamendella et al. 15 described that Bifidobacterium cuniculi, Bifidobacterium angulatum and Bifidobacterium gallinarum show a strict ecological adaptation to a particular animal gut, in this case rabbit, human and chicken, respectively. On the other hand, bifidobacteria belonging to the species Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium dentium and Bifidobacterium catenulatum appear to display a more cosmopolitan lifestyle.
11Bifidobacteria are common inhabitants of the mammalian gut, but are also found in three other ecological niches: human blood ( Bifidobacterium scardovii), sewage (e.g., Bifidobacterium minimum and Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum) and food products (e.g., Bifidobacterium. Animalis subsp. These three apparently atypical ecological origins are completely different from that of the gut. However, it is plausible that the identification of bifidobacteria in these environments may have been a consequence of accidental contaminations during the sampling procedures and/or from “natural” contaminations from human/animal gut origins. McCartney, in, 2003 Nutritional ValueBifidobacteria are known to produce thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B 6, and vitamin K. There have also been reports of their ability to synthesize folic acid, niacin, and pyridoxine.
These vitamin B complexes are slowly absorbed in the human body. However, the impact on human nutrition of such vitamin synthesis by bifidobacteria in the colon is unknown. Available information on the nutritional properties of fermented milks containing bifidobacteria indicates that they have lower residual lactose and higher levels of free amino acids and vitamins than nonfermented milks. Additionally, they preferentially contain l(+)-lactic acid produced by bifidobacteria in addition to acetic acid, whereas lactobacilli produce d/ l(−)-lactic acid, which is more easily metabolized by humans. This is particularly important for infants less than 1 year old, in whom metabolic acidosis can be a problem. Consuming bifidobacterial food products may also improve the bioavailability of certain minerals, including calcium, zinc, and iron, by lowering the gastric pH (facilitating ionization of minerals, which is necessary for their uptake).
In, 2015 3.1.2 BifidobacteriumBifidobacterium is a genus of bacteria with various forms; nonmotile they are gram-positive, nonsporulating, anaerobic bacilli. These bacteria were first isolated from infant feces and attracted attention because of their important physiological significance to the host organism.
Species that are important human gut bacteria include Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium longum. Bacteria isolated from the oral cavity belonging to the Bifidobacterium spp. Include mainly Bifidobacterium dentium, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium inopinatum, and Bifidobacterium denticolenu.
The percent GC in Bifidobacterium DNA ranges from 55% to 67% when analyzed by the Tm or Bd method. The type species is B.
Bifidum.The bacterial cells are short and thin, with pointed ends, and are irregular. They also appear as long cells with many branches and slightly branching spoon-shaped cells.
Cells are arranged as single cells, chains, polymer-shaped, V-shaped, or palisade-shaped. Their distinct cell morphology can be helpful in differentiating bacteria belonging to this genus. For example, B. Bifidum appear as flask-shaped cells, while Bifidobacterium asteroides are star-shaped. All members of this genus are gram-positive.Bifidobacterium are anaerobes, and most strains cannot grow under 90% air and 10% CO 2.
Colonies formed on agar plates are convex, creamy or white, glossy, smooth, neat-edged, sticky, and soft.The main terminal acid products in liquid culture medium containing glucose are acetic acid and lactic acid, but a few species also make formic acid and succinic acid. However, no butyric acid or propionic acid is formed, and no CO 2 is generated (with the exception of gluconate degradation). Bifidobacterium can ferment carbohydrates to produce acid, and generally do not reduce nitrate or produce urease. They test positive using the catalase test. 3.1.2.1 Bifidobacterium dentiumOriginally, B. Dentium was isolated from pus specimens and named B.
Later, researchers isolated similar bacteria from the adult dental caries, feces, and vagina, and they were then named Actinomyces eriksonii or grouped into B. According to later research, these bacteria make up an independent branch on the phylogenetic tree, and the species was named B. Dentium in the 1970s. The percent GC in their DNA is 61% (Tm method) and type species is ATCC27534 (Reference strains B764). (A) Bifidobacterium dentium cells (Gram stain).
Dentium colonies (BHI blood agar). Dentium colonies ( B.
Dentium selective agar). Dentium colonies (stereomicroscope).B. Dentium is biochemically active. It can ferment d-ribose, l-arabinose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, trehalose, raffinose, melibiose, mannitol, salicin, starch, galactose, maltose, fructose, xylose, mannose, and glucose to produce acid, but cannot ferment sorbitol and inulin. It cannot reduce nitrate and tests negative for both the urease test and the catalase test.The distribution of the bacteria in the oral cavity and its pathogenic mechanism are not clearly characterized.B.
Dentium forms colonies that can be described as spherical, lustrous, smooth, convex, gray-white, sticky and soft when plated on BHI blood agar and Bifidobacterium selective culture medium. 3.1.2.2 Bifidobacterium breve. Bryan Tungland, in, 2018 5.2.3 Prebiotic fructan effects on digestive enzyme and vitamin synthesisMany Bifidobacteria strains have the capacity to synthesize and excrete B-vitamins, including biotin, thiamine, folate, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, and (cyanocobalamin) vitamin B 12 ( Ventura et al., 2010; Deguchi et al., 1985; Gibson et al., 1995; Hartemink et al., 1994). The extent that B-vitamins are absorbed in the cecum and colon is unknown, or if the bifidogenic effects of inulin fructans contribute to the vitamin B-status in humans. However, Santacruz et al.
(2010) showed that an increase in bifidobacteria counts was associated with an improved folate status in pregnant women, so as inulin-type fructans are associated with higher bifidobacteria counts, it is likely this also translates to greater B-vitamin status in humans. The bifidobacteria also produce digestive enzymes, such as lactase (β-galactosidase), casein phosphatase, and lysozyme, that may improve lactose tolerance and digestibility of dairy products ( Hughes and Hoover, 1991). Shah, in, 2003 Acidophilus and Bifidus Yogurt (AB Yogurt)Lb. Acidophilus and bifidobacteria are normal inhabitants of the intestine of many animals including man.
Acidophilus is Gram positive and rod-shaped, while bifidobacteria are Gram-positive rods of variable morphology that show branching and pleomorphism. Bifidobacteria were first isolated by Tissier at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, and predominate the gut flora in breast-fed infants.Yogurt containing Lb. Acidophilus and bifidobacteria has gained popularity in many countries, including Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Australia, and USA, and more than 70 products containing Lb. Acidophilus and bifidobacteria, including sour cream, buttermilk, yogurt, milk powder, and frozen desserts, are produced world-wide. It is estimated that about 11% of all yogurt sold in France now contains Lb. Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.
In 1978, the Yakult Co. Launched a Bifidus fluid yogurt named Milmil™, which contains Bifidobacterium breve, B. Bifidum and Lb. More than 54 different types of milk products containing Lb. Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum are marketed in Japan.Lb.
Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Are difficult to propagate because of their specific nutritional requirements. Bifidobacteria are not as acid-tolerant as Lb.
Acidophilus, and the growth of Bifidobacterium species is significantly retarded below pH 4.0. Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.
Are slow acid producers; the slow growth rate of these organisms can be compensated by adding a higher level of inoculum, such as 5 or 10%. Yogurt bacteria are usually added to carry out fermentation. If pure cultures of Lb. Acidophilus and/or Bifidobacterium spp. Are used, the time required to reduce the pH of milk to 4.5 could be as long as 18–24 h at 37 °C.
When yogurt bacteria ( Lb. Delbruecckii ssp. Bulgaricus and Sc. Thermophilus) and AB ( Lb. Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.) cultures are used, the incubation time is about 4 h. Quigley, in, 2017The potential for Bifidobacteria to act as probiotics was recognized from the very outset; their relative profusion in the gut of breast-fed infants being held to account for the lower rates of diarrhea in these infants as compared to those who were bottle fed 5. Since then the prebiotic properties of oligosaccharides in human breast milk in promoting the growth of Bifidobacteria have been demonstrated 6.
Indeed, the genus Bifidobacterium possesses a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase pathway which leads to the fermentation of carbohydrates. Homeostatic and beneficial effects that have been demonstrated for Bifidobacteria, in general, include protection against pathogens, enhancement of the gut barrier, synthesis of water-soluble vitamins, digestion of plant oligo- and polysaccharides, suppressing the production of potentially toxic and carcinogenic metabolites and, through modulating the host immune response, promoting an antiinflammatory environment 3,6–10. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are Gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods occurring in high numbers in the human gut. Bifidobacterium species are obligately anaerobic, whereas Lactobacillus spp. Are often more aerotolerant. Members of both genera have been used extensively as probiotics in promoting human health ( Wolf et al., 1998) since they are classified as GRAS (generally regarded as safe) for human consumption. Recently, there has been increased research interest in exploiting their possible oxalate-degrading capabilities as probiotics to manage kidney stone disease.
Table 3.1 gives a summary of the major studies reporting oxalate degradation by strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Bacteria aReferenceLactobacillus plantarum ( n = 1/1)Lactobacillus brevis ( n = 1/1)Lactobacillus acidophilus ( n = 1/1)Bifidobacterium infantis ( n = 1/1)Campieri et al. (2001)Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140 ( n = 1/1)Bifidobacterium animalis ATCC 27536 ( n = 1/1)Bifidobacterium breve MB 283 ( n = 1/2)Bifidobacterium longum MB 282 ( n = 4/5)Bifidobacterium infantis MB 57 ( n = 1/2)Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 238 ( n = 1/1)Federici et al. (2004)Lactobacillus casei ( n = 2/31)Kwak et al.
(2006)Lactobacillus acidophilus ( n = 1/1)Azcarate-Peril et al. (2006)Lactobacillus gasseri Gasser AM63 T ( n = 1/1)Lewanika et al. (2007)Lactobacillus acidophilus ( n = 32/32)Lactobacillus gasseri ( n = 6/6)Lactobacillus plantarum ( n = 3/7)Lactobacillus casei ( n = 2/3)Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( n = 2/2)Lactobacillus salivarius ( n = 1/1)Turroni et al.
(2007)Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 ( n = 7/9)(previously known as L. Gasseri Gasser AM63 T)Azcarate-Peril et al. (2008)a ( n = x/ y): Bacterial numbers ( n) in brackets indicate how many isolates showed the ability to degrade oxalate ( x), relative to the total number of isolates tested in the study ( y).It has been noted that oxalate degradation in the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria is both species- and strain-specific ( Table 3.1).
Federici et al. (2004) investigated oxalate degradation in a range of Bifidobacterium species. They reported that Bifidobacterium lactis DSM 10140 showed the highest level of oxalate degradation at 61%, Bifidobacterium longum MB 282 degraded 35.2% of oxalate, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis MB 238 showed 57% degradation.
The oxalate-degrading ability of certain Bifidobacterium species was also strain-specific. For instance, Bifidobacterium breve MB 283 degraded 37.8% of available oxalate, while B. Breve MB 151 degraded only 1%, and of the five B. Longum strains tested in the study, only four were positive for oxalate degradation.Previous in vitro experiments by Campieri et al.
(2001) showed that the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacterial strains tested were “generalist oxalotrophs” since they were unable to utilize oxalate as a principal carbon source and could only degrade oxalate when the growth media contained glucose or lactose as well as oxalate. However, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) investigation of these isolates using primers designed to the O. Formigenes genes oxlT, frc, and oxc did not detect the presence of orthologs of these genes in any of the oxalate-degrading Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species reported. Subsequently, Federici et al. (2004), using a different set of primers to the O. Formigenes oxc gene, successfully amplified a homologue from an oxalate-degrading strain of Bifidobacterium lactis. This oxc gene encoded a functional oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme when the recombinant protein was expressed in E.
Bifidobacterium Bifidum
Coli, and the protein cross-reacted with anti- O. Formigenes oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase antibodies. However, no other molecular studies on the mechanisms of oxalate degradation in Bifidobacterium species have been reported and this genus would be of interest for further investigation.Research on Lactobacillus spp.
Is at a more advanced stage. Genes encoding functional oxalate-degrading Frc and Oxc enzymes were identified in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ( Azcarate-Peril et al., 2006).
It was shown that oxalate-dependent induction of the genes occurred only when the cells were first adapted to subinhibitory concentrations of oxalate under mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.5). The molecular mechanism of oxalate degradation in Lactobacillus gasseri AM63 T has also been investigated ( Lewanika et al., 2007). The presence of frc and oxc genes was detected using PCR, and the genes were shown to be induced as an operon in the presence of oxalate under similar acid conditions to those reported in L. Acidophilus ( Azcarate-Peril et al., 2006). A recent study by Turroni et al. (2007) identified a range of Lactobacillus spp.
That could degrade oxalate ( Table 3.1). The presence of oxc and frc genes, as demonstrated by gene-specific PCR, was shown in all L. Acidophilus and L.
Gasseri isolates that degraded more than 50% oxalate. Specific functional characterization of the Oxc and Frc enzymes from one of the L. Acidophilus isolates confirmed that these enzymes were responsible for oxalate degradation. The remaining oxalate-degrading species isolated in this study ( Table 3.1) were not examined at the molecular level for the presence of the genes.A summary of all the current data on Lactobacillus species that are able to degrade oxalate is presented in Table 3.1. This review shows that all strains of L. Acidophilus tested (34 strains) are capable of degrading oxalate efficiently, while the phenotype was found in only 14 out of 16 strains of L.
Gasseri, 2 out of 31 strains of Lactobacillus casei, and 3 out of 7 Lactobacillus plantarum isolates tested. This inter-species and inter-strain variation is of interest from an evolutionary perspective, and it also impacts on the appropriate selection of bacterial isolates for future study and therapeutic applications. Anshul Sharma, in, 2019 4.2.3 BifidobacteriumGenerally, Bifidobacterium constitutes the dominant population of the GI tract of human, but in breast-fed infants, they constitute 90% of the total bacterial population ( Hidalgo-Cantabrana et al., 2017). Bifidobacteria belong to the symbionts particularly important to the human and animal organism. They are some of the first inhabitants of the digestive tract of the newborn mammals. One study revealed the effect of B.
Lactis, carbohydrate “resistant starch” (RS), and their combination (synbiotic) on their ability to protect against colorectal cancer (CRC). For the research, Sprague-Dawley (SD)-azoxymethane rats were used, and results showed that rats fed with RS in combination with B. Lactis showed significantly lower incidence and multiplicity of colonic neoplasms ( P 50% compared with the control group. The effect was due to apoptosis of the tumor cells at the time of the beginning of the cancer ( Le Leu et al., 2010).Sivan et al. (2015) have demonstrated the antitumor effect of the oral administration of Bifidobacterium cocktail to a mice bearing melanoma with and without programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blockade immunotherapy (check point blockade). The authors reported a decrease in tumor size when treated with probiotic alone, compared with immunotherapy.
In addition, two treatments together almost stopped the tumor outgrowth. With Bifidobacterium treatment, improvement was seen in immune responses, including CD8 + T-cell activation and costimulation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, augmented dendritic cell (DC) function, and the chemokine-mediated recruitment of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment.Li et al. (2012) have demonstrated the use of the recombinant B. For this research, B.
Infantis-mediated soluble kinase insert domain receptor (sKDR) prokaryotic expression system was constructed, and three LLC mice model groups were used. Group a is treated with saline, group b with recombinant B. Infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT plasmid, and group c with recombinant B. Infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT/sKDR plasmid. The better quality of life was recorded in mice group c than in the other two groups. The recombinant B.
Infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT/sKDR plasmid improved the efficacy of tumor growth suppression by increasing the necrosis rate of the tumor and prolongation of survival time of the LLC C57BL/6 mice. The anti-angiogenesis effect was also evaluated by MTT assay in vitro.In another study, B. Infantis-mediated sFlt-1 gene transferring system was constructed using electroporation, and antitumor effect was investigated on Lewis lung cancer (LLC) in mice ( Zhu et al., 2011). Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor (sFlt-1) is a soluble form of extra membrane part of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) that has antitumor effects. The gene transferring system successfully expressed sFlt-1 at the levels of gene and protein.
Bifidobacterium Infantis Side Effects
This system significantly inhibited the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by VEGF in vitro. In addition, tumor growth was inhibited, and prolonged survival time of LLC C57BL/6 mice was recorded.
These findings suggested that B. Infantis-mediated sFlt-1 gene transferring system presented a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer ( Zhu et al., 2011).
Furthermore, anticancer effects of some different probiotic strains, i.e., Enterococcus lactis IW5, Bacillus polyfermenticus KU3, Kluyveromyces marxianus YAS, Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4, E. Faecalis, and S. Hominis, have been described suitably in recent literature ( So et al., 2017). Recently, one research has established the proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides-derived anticancer pharmaceuticals on colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) for the first time ( Zununi et al., 2017). Leung, Mark Boguniewicz, in, 2017 ProbioticsLactobacilli and bifidobacteria are gut microorganisms hypothesized to educate the neonatal immune system by converting the Th2-biased prenatal responses into balanced immune responses.
Lactobacilli have been shown to prime monocyte-derived DCs to drive the development of T regulatory cells. 230 These Tregs produced increased levels of IL-10 and were capable of inhibiting the proliferation of bystander T cells in an IL-10-dependent manner. The mechanism was shown to be binding of the C-type lectin dendritic cell (DC)-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). Blocking antibodies to DC-SIGN inhibited the induction of the Tregs by these probiotic bacteria, stressing that ligation of DC-SIGN can actively prime DCs to induce Tregs and might explain their beneficial effect in AD.Clinical trials in patients with AD have had varying results, and in addition, these supplements are currently not FDA regulated. 231–233 Administration of probiotics to pregnant women and subsequently to at-risk newborns to prevent AD or even to treat established AD was addressed in a review of therapeutic attempts to shift the presumed Th2 response early in life to a Th1 response. 234 Although one meta-analysis suggested a modest role for probiotics in children with moderately severe disease in reducing SCORAD, 235 another found that current evidence is more convincing for the efficacy of probiotics in the prevention rather than treatment of pediatric AD.
236 Furthermore, a study designed to reproduce earlier beneficial effects of probiotics in AD patients found that supplementation with Lactobacillus GG during pregnancy and early infancy neither reduced the incidence of AD nor altered the severity of AD in affected children, but was associated with an increased rate of recurrent episodes of wheezing bronchitis. 237A Cochrane review concluded that probiotics are not an effective treatment for AD in children, and that probiotic treatment carries a small risk of adverse events. 238 Salfeld and Kopp 239 pointed to flaws in the methodology of some analyses and the heterogeneity of treatment protocols, concluding that selection of the most beneficial probiotic strain or strains, use of probiotics with or without prebiotics, and timing of supplementation, along with optimal dose and delivery, remain to be determined. More recently, a meta-analysis of RCTs through 2011 that attempted to overcome some of the limitations of prior reviews found a reduction of approximately 20% in the incidence of AD and IgE-associated AD in infants and children with probiotic use.
240 Although these results are encouraging, probiotics for the prevention of AD remain investigational.
What Is Bifantis ( B. Infantis 35624)?Bifantis is the trademarked name for the patented probiotic strain Bifidobacterium infantis 35624.According to a definition developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are 'live microorganisms, which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.' 1 An introduction to probiotics available from the National Institutes of Health's National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) states, 'Probiotics are live microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) that are either the same as or similar to microorganisms found naturally in the human body and may be beneficial to health.'
2 The NCCAM also states that 'most probiotics are bacteria similar to the beneficial bacteria found naturally in the human gut.' 2The current evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of probiotics are strain specific. 3-5According to the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Practice Guidelines on Probiotics and Prebiotics, the potential probiotic health benefits 'can only be attributed to the strain or strains tested, and not to the species or the whole group of lactic acid bacteria or other probiotics.' BifidobacteriaThe normal healthy human gastrointestinal tract contains more than 100 trillion bacteria, including more than 500 different species. 6-8 The main health-enhancing bacteria are believed to be the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
Bifidobacterium Infantis Side Effects
9,10 Bifidobacteria are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that are considered key beneficial bacteria in human-microbe interactions, and are believed to play an important role in maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract. 8 Bifidobacteria are one of the most predominant members of the human gastrointestinal microflora.
8,9 Infants are colonized by these microorganisms within days following birth. 11 Bifidobacteria have been shown to constitute up to 95% of the total gut bacterial population in infants, but decline to as low as 3% to 6% in adults. 8,9,12-15 Species distribution can be affected by diet, health status, antibiotic use, travel, stress, and other factors.